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Lynn in the Revolution
Chapter VIII.
Lynn's Part in the
Burgoyne Campaign

A Very Special Thanks To The Lynn Public Library For The Use Of This Important Resource.

Transcribed by Shaun Cook
To help transcribe or submit information, please e-mail Shaun Cook

 

     A FEW words are necessary to describe the state of affairs in the early part of 1777, before any attempt is made to connect our Lynn men with the great events which took place that year. At that time it would have been impossible to predict with any degree of certainty the outcome of the struggle upon which the American people had entered. The probability of success, looking back from our own day, we might be strongly inclined to place with the British side. Two years had very nearly passed since the opening of active hostilities, and to many the end of the contest seemed as far away as ever. It is true that the attitude of Great Britain was still one of full confidence in her ability to strike a crushing blow which should conquer the stubborn rebels who had dared to question her power, but thus far the blow had not been struck, although the two years had witnessed a series of bloody battles in which the British had generally been the victors. The object of the contending armies continued to be the possession of the Hudson as the strong central point from which, on the one hand, to securely hold the colonies together or, on the other, to effectually rend them apart. The two years had at least taught the British government that the Americans were not to be conquered by a handful of British soldier's, however brilliantly commanded or thoroughly trained; and therefore, when General John Burgoyne laid before
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Parliament his plan of sending a new army of fresh troops, composed in part of soldiers hired from Germany, to combine with those already in America, in one great campaign for the possession of the Hudson, it was accepted as a wise and brilliant suggestion.
     The plan, in a few words, was to send the new army up the St. Lawrence River, through the Sorel, to Lake Champlain, and from thence, through the lake, to Albany. At the same time Colonel St. Leger with a force of British and Indians was to go up the St. Lawrence as far as Oswego, and take possession of the forts in the Mohawk Valley, and then join the army at Albany; while Sir William Howe, with his troops from New York, should move up the Hudson and form a junction with the other two. Before such a combination of forces it was thought that no army which America could summon would be able to stand. The plan seemed good, and on paper, no doubt, looked well, but there proved to be serious drawbacks to its fulfillment. In the first place, distances in America are long, and there lay between Howe's army and the army which was to proceed from the north four hundred miles of unfamiliar country, which was occupied for the most part not, as was supposed, by Tories, who were in sympathy with the invaders, but by a sturdy population of intensely patriotic yeomen. The Indians, whom it was proposed to employ, were cruel, unreliable, and quarrelsome, and were destined to give, wherever they served, no end of trouble. Besides, Lord George Germain, the secretary of state for the colonies, who gave explicit directions for the movements of the army of the North, went away on a holiday, and forgot to send similarly explicit instruc-
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tions to General Howe in New York. Consequently, the plan of combining the British forces was not one to be easily carried out.
     In America, before the beginning of this year, Washington's plea for longer enlistments had been heeded, and Congress had sent out its call for troops which should serve for three years or to the close of the war. The quota which Massachusetts was asked to furnish was fifteen battalions, and the General Court offered a bounty of twenty pounds to every soldier and non-commissioned officer who should enlist. It was, indeed, long before the whole number was furnished, and special drafts had to be made in order to complete the lists, yet by spring there was a goodly number of regiments ready to march toward the Hudson.
     Washington still held his strong position at Morristown, General Gates, who had succeeded Sullivan, was in command at Ticonderoga, while General Schuyler, who was the commander-in-chief of the Northern Army, was stationed at Albany. We might expect to find Arnold near the centre of operations at this time, but he was smarting under the ingratitude which Congress had shown him, and was in retirement in Connecticut. It had been a winter of petty jealousies and intrigues among the leaders in the army and in Congress, and, had it not been that the bravest and wisest of the leaders were great enough and unselfish enough during the summer which followed to place their country's need before their own ambitions, the outcome of the campaign upon which they were entering must have been far other than it was. We could pause here to admire the wisdom and nobility of Washington during this trying time, the gen-
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erous spirit and true courtliness of Schuyler, and the intrepid daring and great ability of Arnold, were not our task to follow the path of a few well-nigh forgotten men who were under their leadership.
     Among several of the Massachusetts rolls for 1777 we find the names of Lynn men. In the early part of the year, Lieutenant-Colonel John Flagg, the first military officer for the town of Lynn, together with other muster-masters, had been inducing men to join the service for three years, and for the first time we find our men enlisting for this long period, some in Colonel Rufus Putnam's Fifth Massachusetts Regiment, which marched to Peekskill, New York, in the early spring, and was sent north to Fort Edward in June to re-inforce General Schuyler; some in Captain Nathaniel Cushing's company, Colonel Joseph Vose's First Massachusetts Regiment of Infantry, which, reorganized and recruited between March and May, proceeded to join the main army under Washington, halting at Peekskill, where Major-General Israel Putnam was in command of the Middle Department. General Putnam assigned this 
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regiment on the fifteenth of June to Brigadier-General Jedediah Huntington's brigade, and in July transferred it to the brigade of Brigadier-General John Glover. Others in March enlisted in Captain Noah Nichols's company of artificers, who under Major Ebenezer Ste­vens, in General Knox's artillery brigade, marched to Ticonderoga. Others still joined Colonel John Crane's regiment in June, while Captain Joshua Brown's com­pany, Colonel Timothy Bigelow's regiment, also num­bered Lynn men on its roll.
     Other regiments, which were mustered in later in the year, contained men from Lynn, but those which have been mentioned consisted of three years' men, and were probably all stationed along the Hudson when General Burgoyne began his spectacular movement down Lake Champlain in June.
     It is to be regretted that the list of our own men who served in this famous campaign cannot now be given in its completeness. From the available sources of information, however, it has been possible to gather the following names of men who went into the service of the Continental Army from the town of Lynn during the early part of the year 1777. All enlisted for three years, and went to the northward. Most of them took part in the famous battles of that year, and some at least were among those who guarded Burgoyne and his army on their way to Cambridge.

Moses Aborn
Samuel Brown
James Bancroft
Alden Burrill
Ebenezer Burrill
Thomas Berry
Samuel Copp
Jerahmiel Daniels
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 John Adam Dagyr
John Flinn
Charles Florence
Fortune, a negro
Nathaniel Hitchins
Jacob Hart
Ebenezer Hart
John Hunt
Henry Hallowell
James Hall
Richard Hill
John Jacobs
James Larrabee
Calvin Newhall
Aaron Nourse
James Nourse
Elisha Nichols
Ezra Newhall (not Col.)
William Paul
James Ramsdell
James Ramsdell, Jr.
Hartharn Ramsdell
Ebenezer Stacey
Enoch Stocker
James Stocker or Steele
Benj. Tarbox
John Tuttle
Samuel Vial
Jesse Whitman
John Wait
Henry Young

     Besides the above, the following list is given of men not residents of Lynn who enlisted for this town. This may have been due to the zeal of the recruiting officer to make up his quota, for, as the war progressed, it be­came harder to find men who were willing to go far away from home on a long term of service. However patriotic the people might be at heart, there were the crops to plant and harvest, and the going away meant not only danger and hardship on the march, but much suffering for the families at home.

Anthony Costekin, for Lynn
Wm. Cox, Sheepscot, for Lynn
Thomas Gould, Roxbury, for Lynn
Peter Sprague, Boston, for Lynn
Ebenezer McMorfitt, Penobscot, for Lynn
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Robert Stewart, New Salem, for Lynn
Nathan Farr, Penobscot, for Lynn
Samuel Flagg, Boston, for Lynn
Charles, a negro, Kittery, for Lynn
John Hall, Kittery, for Lynn
Abra. Wellman, Falmouth, for Lynn
William Wilks, Boston, for Lynn

     While we try to picture to ourselves the departure from our little community of these men who felt but dimly, perhaps, the importance and significance of the great contest in which they were engaged, we remember that the whole world was looking on that contest with varied interest. Just at this time France, with ever-growing sympathy for the Americans, was entertaining Franklin as her most distinguished guest, and, from being a secret ally, was rapidly advancing to the point of openly espous­ing the American cause. Already she had lent some aid, but now, under the influence of Franklin, she was con­templating the money assistance which was so much needed by the new states in order to carryon their war for independence. It was just at this time, too, that the young Lafayette determined to go to America to meet Washington, whom he so much admired, and to offer, in his enthusiasm, his services and fortune, if necessary.
     Thus it was to become, in some respects, the greatest year of the war, and, although our Lynn men went out during this spring, two years after the hurried response to the Lexington alarm, with the full expectation of remain­ing in the army for three years, it would doubtless have lent them an added courage, could they have known that the work of that summer was to bring to the high-water
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mark the tide of the Revolution, and that, before the year should close, its ebb would be surely, if slowly, begun.
     To run rapidly over the events as they succeeded each other, and to call to mind how far Burgoyne's plan suc­ceeded and where it failed, will bring us in touch with the work which the Bancrofts, the Burrills, the Newhalls, and the Ramsdells were doing after the appearance of Burgoyne's magnificently arrayed army on the waters of Lake Champlain.
     Burgoyne announced the campaign as begun on the thirteenth of June, and a week after that he was on the lake. He had with him an army of splendidly trained and equipped British and German soldiers besides Canadians and Indians. His officers were distinguished men of well-­known experience, and numbered among them Major­General Phillips, Major-General Riedesel, and Brig­adier-General Fraser, men who were unexcelled in bra­very and devotion to duty. He himself was brilliant, courageous, and full of dignity. When on the twenty-­seventh of June he arrived at Crown Point, he proudly announced to his men, "This army must not retreat." Ticonderoga, a few miles below, was considered the stronghold of the Americans, and against this Burgoyne made his first move. At this time General Gates was in Philadelphia, in a storm of indignation at having been denied the command of the Northern Army, and by in­sinuation and intrigue was endeavoring to gain the ap­pointment over General Schuyler. General St. Clair, therefore, was in command at the fort. The garrison was not very strongly manned, yet it is doubtful if it could have been easily taken, had it not been that two overlooking eminences were left unfortified by the Ameri-
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cans. These were seized by the British, and from their heights the enemies' guns were trained down upon the fort. General St. Clair, realizing that he was caught in a trap, tried to slip away quietly with his little army at night, but an accident revealed his troops to the enemy as they were wending their way through the woods. They were immediately pursued, and there followed the loss of the American flotilla at Skenesborough and the sharp fight at Hubbardton, where Colonel Ebenezer Francis was killed. The result was the occupation of Ticonderoga by the British and the retreat of the patriot army to Fort Edward, where it joined Schuyler. This first victory caused much boasting in the British camp and corresponding chagrin on the American side. Blame was hurled from all quarters at Schuyler and St. Clair, and - although, if anyone was to be blamed, it should have been Gates, since St. Clair had been in command at Ticonderoga scarcely three weeks, - Congress was in­clined to believe that, if Gates had been on the spot, the result would have been otherwise, and consequently gave him the appointment over Schuyler, which he so much desired. Schuyler, meantime, believing Fort Ed­ward to be untenable, fell back with the army under his command toward Albany. He had succeeded in reach­ing Stillwater when Burgoyne reached Fort Edward. The two main armies were now only a few miles apart. But Washington, who in New Jersey was quietly wait­ing for any movement which Sir William Howe might make, was no less steadily watching events at the North. He now ordered General Lincoln to gather as large a force as possible in Vermont, and come down upon the rear of the invaders. The Green Mountain boys were
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a force to be reckoned with. Unlettered, shrewd, with a Yankee twang peculiar to themselves, big, hardy fel­lows who knew no fear, they flocked to the rescue. The Vermont side became full of scouts, and never until the soldiers of Burgoyne had been driven from their borders did they cease to harass and annoy them, and this in spite of the fact that there were many Tories in the district. The situation of Burgoyne's army was now becoming dangerous. He was far from his base of supplies, and little help came from the Tory sympathizers upon whom dependence had been made. Consequently there was planned a raid upon Bennington, where the British knew that there were stores and supplies of food. The result of the great battle which was fought there was a magnifi­cent victory for the Americans, and the utter rout of the enemy was accomplished by the bravery of Stark and Warner at the head of their Green Mountain boys. The heavy loss of Burgoyne not only in men killed and taken prisoners, but in arms, made it imperative that speedy help should be received from General Howe if the cam­paign was to be for the British the success that had been anticipated.
     In the meantime, in the same way that Stark had for­gotten his personal grievances and rushed to the aid of his countrymen at the time when he was most needed, Arnold had hurried from Connecticut to the camp of General Schuyler, and there heard of the critical situa­tion of Fort Stanwix on the Mohawk. The service which he there so generously rendered completed the victory over St. Leger and the failure of that part of Burgoyne's plan. The news of this disaster reached General Bur­goyne just after the battle of Bennington, and for three
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weeks he waited for some word from General Howe. During this time the two armies were encamped on oppo­site banks of the Hudson, Burgoyne's lines extending from Fort Edward down to Battenkill on the east side, and Gates's from Stillwater to Albany, some miles further south on the west side. At length, with no re-enforce­ments from Howe and with men on half-rations, some movement by the invading army became absolutely neces­sary. The movement was across the river with the idea of attacking the strong position of the American army at Bemis's Heights. A few days later the two armies met, and fought the desperate battle at Freeman's farm, called Stillwater, or the first battle of Bemis's Heights, which fell just short of a complete defeat of the British arms. To effect this, one more battle was necessary, that of October the seventh, when the enemy retreated with ter­rible loss only to find all avenues of escape effectually closed. Ten days more, and Burgoyne had signed his articles of convention, known as the "Convention of Saratoga," and it only remained for the men of his con­quered army to lay down their arms at old Fort Hardy, and submit themselves as prisoners of war, from thence, under guard, to begin their long march to Cambridge.
     In this bare outline of the Burgoyne campaign ,we will endeavor to place the Massachusetts regiments in which might have been found the three years' men from Lynn. Those in Colonel Rufus Putnam's Fifth Regiment belonged to General Nixon's brigade, and, as has been stated, went first to Peekskill, New York, where General Israel Putnam was in command. When this regiment started out, our old Lynn captain, Ezra Newhall, marched with it, having by that time reached the rank of major.
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When it reached Worcester, the lieutenant-colonel of the regiment, Thomas Farrington, an old soldier of the French and Indian War, was cashiered, and Ezra Newhall was given his command as lieutenant-colonel. The regi­ment, upon reaching Peekskill, was almost immediately sent north to reinforce Schuyler at Fort Edward. Mr. Hallowell, who tells us that he "waited on Colonel New­hall rising two year," gives many interesting incidents of his experiences at the North in this regiment, and has much to say regarding the cruelty of the Indians. It was while the regiment was stationed at Fort Edward that the murder of Jennie McCrea took place, and,Mr. Hallowell says that he witnessed the funeral which was held for her and an officer who had also been killed by the Indians. This regiment went through the entire campaign, and was present at the surrender of Burgoyne, accompanying the British prisoners on the afternoon of October the seventeenth to Albany. At that place it went into winter quarters, General Glover's brigade having been appointed to guard the prisoners on the way to Boston.
     Colonel Vose's First Massachusetts Regiment, which also marched to Peekskill, we find on the fifteenth of August at Van Schaick's Island, in the brigade of Brig­adier-General Glover. This island, at the mouth of the Mohawk River, was not far from the scene of the battle of Bennington, which occurred on the sixteenth, but we are not sure that our men of this regiment got into that famous engagement. Later, however, it is certain that they took part in the battles of Stillwater and Saratoga. At the latter place the regiment formed a part of the right wing of the army, and was stationed
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on the hills back of the river. When Arnold made his brilliant charge at Freeman's farm, a part of it was with him, and consequently could not have been far away when he fell wounded at the close of the battle. Later the regiment witnessed the surrender, and also marched with Glover's brigade to Albany, at which place the lot fell to the latter to guard Burgoyne and his army to Boston. General Glover in his letters says that he sent one division of prisoners, consisting of British troops, by way of Northampton, and the other, consisting of foreign troops, by way of Springfield, while he him­self, accompanying Burgoyne, started the next day. He speaks of the great difficulty which he had in getting pro­visions and forage for this large army, and says that they were obliged to take hay and burn fences on the way. Burgoyne, however, by the terms of the convention was obliged to pay for the subsistence of his army in hard money, and the towns which were damaged on the march were later reimbursed. A few words from the British side relative to this march under guard may be of inter­est here. In Anbury's diary of the march of Burgoyne to Cambridge he gives this: -

     "Two days in crossing the Green Mountains. 'When half over a heavy fall of snow came, carts broke down, others stuck and over­turned. After passing mountains first came to Williamstown. Gold became in great demand and we often got from 18 to 20 paper dollars for a guinea. Went through Worcester and Weston. Rained inces­santly from Weston to Prospect Hill. Officers in Mystic, Cambridge and Watertown. You will see an old man of 60 and a boy of 16, a black and an old decrepit man limping by his side; most of them wear great bushy wigs; in short they would be a subject for the pencil of Hogarth, but, egad, they are ready enough in presenting
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their pieces, and if a soldier comes the least near them they level at him."
     The arrival of the captured army in the vicinity of Boston was about the sixth of November. General Heath, in command of the Eastern Department, was at his wits' end to find shelter for this great body of men, whose presence could be looked upon by the inhabi­tants as nothing short of a distinct hardship. It was hoped that they could be very soon sent back to Eng­land, but in the meantime some provision had to be made for them. Besides this there was the necessity of additional regiments to guard this large force, and again we begin to find against the names of Lynn men the words, "Doing guard duty."
     Realizing how impossible it is to do credit to every man who served in the above capacity, as it is in any case to complete lists of our soldiers, we give as many as we are able from the records at hand. The Essex County regiment, in which we find most of our men who were on duty during the month which followed the arrival of the prisoners, was that of Colonel Jacob Gerrish, of New­bury, and in a roll made up on the second of February, 1778, we find in the company of Captain Miles Green­wood, of Cambridge, the following men, who were prob­ably the first to go into this service; -

CAPTAIN MILES GREENWOOD'S COMPANY, COLONEL JACOB GERRISH'S REGIMENT, FROM NOVEMBER 11, 1777, TO FEBRUARY 2, 1778.

Joseph Stocker
Theophilus Bacheller
Jos. Richards
Ebenezer Brown
Abraham Upton
James Nichols
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Benjamin Boardman
Edward Lee (Salem)
* Wm. Cresey
Thomas Newman
John Ireson
Nathan Walton
Richard Pappoon
Josiah Rhodes
Blaney Lindsey
* Ebenezer Pope
Benjamin Mead
Theophilus Burrill
John Collins
* Joseph Graves
Epes Mansfield
* Isaac Patch
John Baker
Benj. Boardman
Ezra Newhall
Burrill Potter (Marblehead)
Jos. Felt
Andrew Newhall
Caleb Downing
Mitchell Nourse (Danvers)
Thomas Cheever
Timothy Hutchinson

     The roll of the above, dated "Camp at Winter Hill," bears out the statement of many of the men who said that they guarded the "Hessians," the German troops being camped on Winter Hill, while the British were at Prospect Hill. Their service lasted two months and twenty-two days.
     In Captain Simeon Brown's company, in the same regi­ment, we find enlisting on the third of February,

Job Bancroft
William Attwill

     Under the date of April the second, 1778, for three months and two days' service, there are the following in the same company and regiment: -

Jos. Lindsey
Nathan Mudge
Jos. Newhall (Jas.?)
Jos. Newhall, Jr.
Amos Newhall
Jona. Newhall
Ebenezer Richardson
Jesse Rhodes
Samuel Sweetser
Jona. Bacheller

* Probably not Lynn men.
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John Ireson
Wm. Attwill
Moses Hadley
Epes Mansfield
Isaac Meachem
Burrill Potter
Rufus Brown
Andrew Newhall
Timothy Newhall
John Rhodes
Daniel Watts
Samuel Hallowell
David Dimond
Wm. Skinner
Nathl. Stacey
Thos. Cheever
Micajah Newhall
Theophilus Bacheller
Joseph Stocker
Abraham Smith
Joshua Danforth
Benjamin Bowen (Bowden?)

     In a company of ten days' guard duty, also under Cap­tain Simeon Brown, from July the second to July the twelfth, we find: -

Theophilus Bacheller
John Ireson
Ebenezer Richardson
Epes Mansfield
Robert Stone
Moses Hood
Benj. Massey
Wm. Case
Jonathan Bacheller
Joshua Howard
John Anabell
John Rhodes
Aaron Boardman
Daniel Watts
Nathan Mudge
Robert Felt
Samuel Hallowell
Wm. Skinner
Jona. Newhall 
Thomas Cheever
Moses Hadley
Samuel. Sweetser
Jos. Newhall (Jas?)
Timothy Tarbox
Isaac meecham
Wm. Attwill
Wm. Whittemore
Samuel Boardman

In July also, in Captain Samuel Huse's company of guards, we find the following: -

Abram Pewson or Person
Theop. Bacheller
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John Ireson
Thomas Mansfield
Daniel Watts
John Tuck
Jona. Bacheller
Isaac Meachem
Wm. Skinner
Samuel Sweetser
Jas. Newhall
John Rhodes
Jona. Brown
Thomas Hudson
John Sweetser
Thomas Florence
Elijah Stocker
Caleb Harrington

     We have spoken of several of the Massachusetts regi­ments in which our Lynn men enlisted for service at the North during the early part of the year 1777, but after the loss of Ticonderoga more troops were sent to rein­force the army under Gates, in accordance with a resolve passed by the General Court on the ninth of August, 1777,

     "directing that one-sixth part of the able-bodied men of the training band and alarm lists, not engaged in the service, be at once drafted by the brigadiers of the several counties mentioned in the resolve, and marched without delay to reinforce the army at the northward and that they be continued in the service until Nov. 30, 1777, unless sooner discharged. "

     The following list of men taken from the pay-roll of Captain Zadock Buffinton's company, Colonel Samuel Johnson's regiment, will show those who went from Lynn at this time: -

Thomas Cox
Thomas Cheever
Ebenezer Tuttle
Benjamin Tarbox
Benjamin Hudson
Israel Burrill
William Newhall
Elisha Newhall
Thomas Tuttle
Richard Tuttle
Joshua Danforth
John Upton
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Jonathan Newhall
Thomas Wellman
Andrew Newhall
Elijah Stocker
James Marble
Joshua Howard
Samuel Breeding
Joseph Williams
Benjamin Brown
Rufus Brown
Joseph Lindsey
John Proctor
Aaron Breed
Thomas Hall
John Willis
Garland Chamberlain
Samuel Sweetser
Philip Coats

     All of the above men, engaged about the middle of August, took active part in the events toward the close of the Burgoyne campaign, and, as they were discharged at Cambridge on the thirtieth of November, they doubt­less accompanied the prisoners on their march. The captain of the company, Zadock Buffinton, was of Salem, and the colonel, Samuel Johnson, of Andover.
     Through all this stirring year the town held frequent meetings in which the subject of the war held a large place in the discussions. Before the first companies started out for service at the north, we find on the records the following vote: -

     "March 3, 1777. Voted that the town will give each man that shall enlist in the service of this state for this town for three years or during the war, the sum of fourteen pounds to be paid by the selectmen.
     "Voted that if any man has already enlisted into said service and have received any sum of money short of the above bounty, that he be made up that sum and the person to be reimbursed that sum be made up by the town."

     When the call for additional troops was made by the
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General Court on the ninth of August, the following action was taken: -

     "August 13, 1777. Voted that each man that shall go in the service of the state for this town to the last day of November shall receive a bounty of ten pounds.
     "Voted that the selectmen apply for fire arms to supply said town."

     On the twenty-seventh of the same month, to fill up the town's quota, the following vote was passed: -

     "Voted to choose a committee to procure men to fill up the town quota in the Continental army. Mr. James Newhall, Captain Holton Johnson and Joseph Ballard were appointed the committee.
     "Voted the said committee procure nine men at the lowest they can to enlist in the service and go for this town for the term of three years or during the war and the town to pay the bounty."

     During all this time, too, there remained the duty of providing for the families at home. Touching this, we find the following: -

     "Dec. 13, 1777, Voted to choose a committee agreeable to the war­rant to supply the families of those gone in the Continental service for this town. Samuel Burrill, Theop. Breed, and Col. John Mans­field committee to supply the aforesaid families. March 16, 1778 Dea. Daniel Mansfield and Abner Cheever added to the committee to supply the families."

     Thus we record, in just so far as it is possible to ob­tain any definite information, the movements of our sol­diers in this campaign and the provisions made for them. It must be understood, however, that other men without doubt served in other companies and regiments than have here been indicated.
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